2023年高考英语巅峰突破精讲系列01
名词
在英语中,名词用以表示人或事物的名称,是高考热点之一,主要测试考生辨析近义词和近形词的能力。它不但有单复数的变化,而且有普通名词和专有名词之分,还有用法独待的所有格形式。下面将从知识体系、考点归纳和练习巩固三个方面进行系统复习。
I 知识体系 为了对名词有一个整体印象,特将相关内容列表如下:
名 词 |
普通名词 |
数性 |
可数名词(包括具体名词和集体名词) |
不可数名词(包括抽象名词和物质词) |
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语义 |
具体名词 (表示具体的人或事物) |
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抽象名词 (表示抽象概念,如:progress) |
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集体名词(表示人或物的总称,如:family) |
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物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质) |
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专有名词 |
不带the的 专有名词 |
人名,但可在其前加称呼或尊称 |
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节日、月份、星期等时间名称 |
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地理名称:洲名、国名、县镇名、湖名、山名 |
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带the的 专有名词 |
由复数构成的专有名词,如群岛、山脉河流、海洋、运河等地理名称 。如:the Pacific |
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公共机构或设施,如旅馆、医院等 |
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船只、飞机等的名称 |
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部分报纸和期刊名称 |
II考点规纳 纵观近年各类英语水平考试,特别是NMET试题,便可以看出,对名词的考查主要从以下几方面设题。
1不可数名词的数量必须用单位词表达,量词piece只能表示不可数名词的量,且形容词常放在量词前。如:a piece of paper , a hot cup of tea
2 部分不可数名词可转化为可数名词,常见结构为a(n) adj. n.,有时用后置定语修饰。如:a loud voice , a perfect education , a knowledge of English
3常见的以-oes 结尾的复数名词有:potatoes, tomatoes, heroes
4常见的以-ves 结尾的复数名词有:knives, lives, shelves, thieves, halves, selves, wives, leaves, wolves
5常见的不规则复数名词有:
①词形有变化的:man→men, woman→women, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice, child→children, ox→oxen basis→bases, emphasis→emphases, crisis→crises, penny→pence
②词形无变化的:sheep,fish,deer,Chinese,Japanese, Swiss, head(头数) means(方式、方法)和works(工厂)等。
6 复合词的复数变化:
①通常在最后一个成分中表示,如:baby-sitters(临时看护人), grown-ups (成年人) , stand-bys (可靠的人), sit-ins (静坐抗议者), breakdowns (故障),take-offs(出发点)
②也可以表示在第一个成分上,如:commanders-in-chief (总司令),men-of-war (军舰) ,passers-by (过路人), mothers-in-law (岳母)
7 非生物名词使用’s属格的情况:
①家、洲、州、城镇、大学等地理名称,如:Asia’s people ,China’s silk
②表示地区、公共机构、天体等的位置名词,如:the earth’s surface , the school’s history
③时间名词,如:today’s newspaper, a moment’s thought,但today, yesterday ,tomorrow表示“现在、过去和未来”时需要用of 属格。
④与人类活动有特殊关系的名词,如:the body’s need , my life’s aim ,这类’s属格可转换成of 属格。
8 people和police的用法
①、people作“人,人们“讲时,只表复数;作“民族“讲时,是单数名词。
②、police作“警察局”讲时,是单数名词;作“警察”讲时,是复数名词,相当于policemen.
9.以-o结尾的名词复数形式,其一般变化规律为:以辅音字母+-o结尾的加-es,以元音字母+-o结尾的加-s。如:tomato→tomatoes , radio→radios
10.名词作定语一般用单数,但man, woman, gentleman例外。如:
a boy student → boy students
a man worker → men workers
a woman teacher → women teachers
a gentleman leader → gentlemen leaders
11.名词前的修饰语的一般排列次序为:限定词+一般描述性形容词+大小、高低、长短+形状+新旧、年龄+颜色+产地+材料+名词中心词。限定词是指冠词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格以及表示数量和顺序等类词语。限定词又可分为前位限定词、中位限定词和后位限定词三类,在充当修饰语时按“前-中-后”的顺序排列。表示“和”(all , both)、“半”( half ), “倍 ”(once, twice, three times),“分”(one -third)等的限定词为前位限定词,冠词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格等为中位限定词,其余的限定词基本上可视为后位限定词。如:
an old black American singer (一位美国黑人老歌手)
man’s first manned artificial satellite(人类第一颗载人的人造卫星)
12.表示时间、距离及度、量、衡等的名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数。
如:Ten years is a long time.
III强化训练 从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
1. His class _____unable to agree on a monitor so far.
A .are B. has been C. is D. have been
2 .Mary dropped the _________ and broke it.
A. cup of coffee B. coffee’s cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup
3. We are _________ and they are ________.
A. Englishmen, Germans B. Englishmen , Germen
C Englishmans , Germans D . Englishmans , Germen
4 .Joan has three _______ and they are all __________.
A .girls friends , ticket collectors B .girls friend , ticket collector
C .girl friends , ticket collectors D .girl friends , tickets collector
5 .I should like to try that coat on , but I don’t know if it is my ____.
A .shape B .size C .model D .pattern
6.The ________why Rose didn’t turn up was not made clear.
A .cause B .truth C .reason D .matter
7 . ________are sold well in the new department store.
A. woman and child’s clothes B .women’s and children’s clothes.
C .women and children clothes D .woman’s and child’s clothes
8.The gentleman over there is ______________.
A .Jane and Mary father B .Jane and Mary’s father
C .Jane’s and Mary’s father D .Jane’s and Mary mother
9 .It’s only ________ walk from here to the hospital.
A .twenty minutes B .twenty minute C .twenty minutes’ D .twenty minute’s
10 .Tony bought his girlfriend a piece of _________ cloth.
A .yellow Chinese silk B .Chinese yellow silk
C .Chinese silk yellow D .yellow silk Chinese
11. ___________ it is to treat the little girl like that!
A . what great shame B .what a great shame
C .what great shames D .shame as
12 .____of the mainland lies Taiwan Island , which belongs to China .
A .East B .In the east C .The east D .on the east
13 .I like Tom and Kate . They’re very nice _____________.
A .men B .women C .people D .peoples
14 -Oh ,you look very pretty!-Thank you , but I have ______.
A .a little white hair B .some white hairs
C .much white hair D .quite a few white hair
15. ________ are there in the word “international”?
A. How much ns B. How many n’s C .what n’s D .How many ns