选修8 Unit 1 A land of diversity
某中学生英文报正举办"The Season I Like Best"的征文活动。请用英文写一篇短文投稿,内容包括:
1.你最喜欢的季节;
2.你喜欢该季节的两条理由(如:气候、景色、活动、感受……)。
Among the four seasons in a year, summer is my favourite, which makes me free, excited and energetic.
When summer vacation for us students comes every year, we can do all that we can‘t do during our school time, going shopping with friends, swimming in warm water and even hiking and camping in the deep valleys, all of which, I think, lead me to full freedom. We can find us in an exciting world every day, with the sun shining brightly, trees growing greenly and flowers coming out with all kinds of colours. Summer makes me full of energy and I feel I have the strength to do the most difficult things in my life. I like summer best, and what about you?
解析：
1.文章体裁:记叙文。
2.行文逻辑:点明最喜欢的季节→阐明喜欢的原因→再次点题。
3.词汇短语:本文运用了较高级的词汇和短语。如:go shopping,all kinds of,full of等。
4.句式句法:运用了多样化的句式结构。如:①定语从句:which makes me free, excited and energetic;②状语从句:When summer vacation for us students comes every year;③with的复合结构:with the sun shining brightly, trees growing greenly and flowers coming out with all kinds of colours等。
Ⅰ.单词荟萃
1.occur vi.发生;出现
2.distinct adj.清晰的;明显的;明确的→distinction n.差别;区分;卓著
3.majority n.大多数;大半→minority n.(反义词)少数派;少数民族
4.immigrate vi.移入(外国定居)→immigration n.移民;移居入境→immigrant n.移民
5.elect vt.选择;决定做某事;选举某人→election n.选举
6.Italy n. 意大利→ Italian n. 意大利人;意大利语 adj. 意大利人的;意大利语的
7.adventurer n.冒险家→adventure v. & n.冒险
8.racial adj.人种的;种族的→race n.种族
9.crossing n.横渡;横越;十字路口;人行横道→cross vi.横过
10.applicant n.申请人→apply v.申请→application n.申请
11.customs n.海关;关税;进口税→customer n.顾客
12.socialist n.社会主义者; adj.社会主义者的→socialism n.社会主义→social adj.社会的;社交的
13.indicate vt.指出;指示;表明;暗示→indicator n.指示者;指示器→indication n.指示;指标
14.apparent adj.显而易见的;显然的;表面上的→apparently adv.显然地;显而易见地
15.conductor n. (公车)售票员;列车员;(乐队)指挥→conduct vt. & vi. 引导,带领; 指挥
16.punishment n.处罚;惩罚→punish vt.惩罚
17.justice n.正义;公平→just adj.公平的;公正的
18.fascinating adj.迷人的→fascinated adj.被深深吸引的→fascinate vi.入迷 vt.使着迷,使神魂颠倒
19.thoughtful adj.关切的;体贴的;深思的→thought n. 思想;思考;想法;关心
20.thankful adj.感激的;感谢的→thank n.& v.感谢
Ⅱ.短语检测
1.live on 继续存在;继续生存
2.by means of ... 用……方法;借助于……
3.declare war on 向……宣战
4.make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等
5.in the late 19th century 在十九世纪晚期
6.keep up 坚持;维持;沿袭(风俗、传统等)
7.back to back 背靠背
8.team up with与……合作
9.mark out 标出……界线
10.take in 包括;吸收
11.a good/great many许多;很多
12.apply for 申请;请示得到
Ⅲ.佳句再现
1.固定句型:It is likely that…很可能……
However,_______________(很可能)Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.
2.why引导的表语从句,表示"……的原因"
_______________(那就是为什么)today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
3.过去分词作状语
People from different parts of the world,_______________(被吸引) the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California.
4.名词性从句作介词的宾语
Exactly when the first people arrived in_______________(我们现在称之为) California, no one really knows.
5.it作形式主语的主语从句
_______________ (人们认为) before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
答案：1.it is likely that 2. That is why 3.attracted by 4.what we now know as
5. It is believed that
【巧学助记】
构词法记忆 •形容词后缀-y,表示"有……的; 由……构成, 似……的; 有点……的"
①health n.健康→healthy adj.健康的
②wealth n.财富→wealthy adj.富有的
③cloud n.云→cloudy adj.多云的
④wind n.风→windy adj. 有风的
⑤rain n.雨→rainy adj.多雨的
⑥fog n.雾→foggy adj.有雾的; 雾气朦胧的
规律记忆 •变化形式相同的单词
①slip→slipped(过去式)→slipped(过去分词)→slipping(现在分词)
②rob→robbed(过去式)→robbed(过去分词)→robbing(现在分词)
③permit→permitted(过去式)→permitted(过去分词)→permitting(现在分词)
④regret→regretted(过去式)→regretted(过去分词)→regretting(现在分词)
单词点睛
●1 means n. (a method or way of doing sth.)手段;方法(单数和复数形式相同)
by means of 用……办法;借助……
by all means 一定,务必;好的,当然可以
by no means 决不,一点儿也不
by every means 用尽一切可能的办法
[温馨提示] (1)means 表示"方式,方法"时,单复数同形。当means 作主语且有every,each等词修饰时,谓语动词用单数;由several,few,many等词修饰时,谓语动词用复数。
(2)当短语by no means置于句首时,句子要用部分倒装结构。
【活学活用】
(1)A job is not just a means of living, instead, it is a way of experiencing life.
工作不应该只是谋生的一个手段,而应该是经历生活的一种方式。
(2)All means have been used to get him to change his mind,but in vain.
为了转变他的想法,所有的办法都用过了,但都没用。
(3)As an inexperienced teacher, I tried every means to get children to be quiet,but in vain.
作为一个没有经验的老师,我想尽一切办法让孩子们安静下来,但都没用。
(4)语法填空。
①Every possible means _______________(try), and we find only by this means is it possible to persuade him.
②All possible means_______________(try), and we find only by this means is it possible to persuade him.
③I‘ve tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means _______________(be) the teacher satisfied with my progress.
(5)用means的相关短语填空。
①She could not speak,but made her wishes known _______________signs.
②This is _______________the first time you have been late.
③The local army men helped the victims of the earthquake _______________at their command.
答案：(4)①has been tried ②have been tried ③is
(5)①by means of ②by no means ③by every/all means
●2 majority n. (the largest number or amount, especially of people)大多数;大半
(1)a/the majority of… 大多数……
in the/a majority 占多数
(2)minority n. 少数
in the/a minority 占少数
(3)major n. &v. 主修;专业
major in 主修……;以……为专业
[温馨提示] (1)the majority of…作主语时,其后的谓语动词取决于of之后的名词;the majority 作主语时,谓语动词用单数或复数皆可。
(2)majority的反义词是minority,意为"少数;少数派;少数人;少数民族",复数形式是minorities。
【活学活用】
(1)The majority of foreign nationals working here have work permits.
大多数在这里工作的外国公民都有工作许可证。
(2)The general manager votes against his proposal although the majority of the company is in favour of him.尽管公司大多数人都支持他,但总经理还是一票否决了他的提议。
(3)In the general population, right-handed people are .在一般人中,惯用右手的人占大多数。
(4)语法填空。
①What she has just said doesn‘t correspond with the views of the _______________(major).
②An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members _______________(be) against it.
③I graduated from Chongqing Normal University and majored_______________information management.
答案：(3)in the/a majority (4)①majority ②are ③in
●3 elect v. (to choose by voting)选择;决定;选举
elect sb (as/to be) 选举某人(为)……
elect sb to… 选举某人进入……
elect to do sth. 选择或决定做某事。
【易混辨析】choose,elect与select
choose 指在"两个或多个之中"选择其一,其后通常跟from或between。
elect 指"通过选举选出"。
select 通常是指在"同类事物中选择最好的或最合适的"。
【活学活用】
(1)It‘s known to all that Americans elect a President every four years.众所周知,美国人民每四年选一次总统。
(2)She elected to return to work after her baby was born.她决定孩子出生后再去工作。
(3)Only someone born in the US can _______________President.
只有在美国出生的人才能被选为总统。
(4)语法填空。
①The low level of interest in the _______________(elect) has been reflected in the unwillingness of the citizens to vote.
②After only a year in the sports club, the youngest player_______________(elect) to the committee.
③The government is made up of men and women _______________(elect) by the people of the country.
④Some people thought that Joe was lucky enough_______________(elect)as the team leader. But in my opinion, he was more wise than lucky.
(5)用elect/choose/select的适当形式填空。
①It is difficult to_______________between two such nice houses.
②He looked through the suits and _______________the cheapest one for me.
③They finally made the decision to _______________Mark as their new monitor.
答案：(3)be elected as (4)①election ②was elected ③elected ④to be elected
(5)①choose ②selected ③elect
●4 occur vi. (occurred, occurred; occurring)(to happen)发生;存在;出现
(1)sth. occurs to sb. = sth. strikes sb. = sth. comes to sb.某人想起某事
(2)It occurs to sb. to do sth..某人想起做某事。
(3)It occurs to sb. that…=It strikes/hits sb. that…某人想起某事
(4)occurrence n. 发生;事件;出现
【活学活用】
(1)I was going along the street looking for a place to park when the accident occurred.事故发生时我正在沿着街道找地方停车。
(2)A good idea occurred to him when he was asked to solve the problem.当被要求解决这个问题的时候,他突然想到一个好主意。
(3)I suppose it never occurred to you to phone the police.我想你压根儿就没想到给警察打电话吧。
(4)_______________ I had seen her before somewhere.我想不起来以前我在哪儿见过她。
(5)语法填空。
①Frequent_______________(occur) of natural disasters in recent years have caused great losses in the Asian-Pacific region.
②It occurred to him _______________he hadn‘t eaten anything since the night before.
(6)一句多译。
①_______________ it had been too long since I heard from Wallace.(strike)
②_______________it had been too long since I heard from Wallace. (occur)
我突然想到,自上封信以来,已经有太长时间没收到华莱士的信了。
答案： (4)It never occurred to me that (5)①occurrences ②that (6)①It (suddenly)struck me that ②It occurred to me that
●5 indicate vt. (to show sth., especially by pointing or suggesting the possibility)指出;标示;表明;暗示
(1)indicate sth. to sb. 向某人指出/暗示某物
(2)indicate that… 示意;表明;暗示;说明
(3)indication n. 暗示;表示;预兆
There is (no) indication that…(没)有迹象表明……
【活学活用】
(1)Wrinkles should merely indicate where smiles have been.皱纹应该只是微笑留下的印记。
(2)The state of his clothes indicates clearly that he has been playing football.他的衣服的样子清楚地表明他一直在踢足球。
(3)There is no the slightest indication that there will be an earthquake.没有一点儿迹象表明将要发生地震。
(4)Kingston upon Thames, _______________, is situated on the bank of the Thames.泰晤士河畔金斯顿,正如其名称所示,坐落在泰晤士河畔。
(5)语法填空。
①With a nod of his head he indicated_______________me where I should sit.
②He gave no _______________(indicate) that he was ready to compromise.
③The horse is a frequent theme in Chinese painting, _______________(indicate) a kind of advancement.
④The bell _______________(indicate)the end of the period rang, interrupting our heated discussion.
答案： (4)as the name indicates (5)①to ②indication ③indicating ④indicating
●6 slip vi. (slipped,slipped;slipping)(lose one‘s balance; fall or almost fall)滑动,滑行;滑跤 n. 滑倒;小过失;滑动
slip into 悄悄进入,溜进去;悄悄塞进;滑行撞上(某物)
slip away(=out of) 悄悄溜走
slip down 滑倒
slip from 滑脱
slip out of 意外地从……滑出,掉出;溜出去
【活学活用】
(1)Time always has a way of making things slip away until there is nothing left.时间总是让所有事物悄悄流逝,直到什么都不剩。
(2)She slipped a note into my hand when the teacher wasn‘t looking.老师没注意看的时候,她把一张便条悄悄地塞进我的手里。
(3)Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to go out at that time.没有人注意到小偷溜进了这间房子,因为灯在那时正好灭了。
(4)The key must _______________when I opened it to get the money.
那把钥匙一定是在我打开包取钱时掉出去的。
(5)语法填空。
①My aunt has slipped_______________in the street and hurt her ankle, so I have to take her to the doctor.
②The wheel slipped_______________my frozen hand, and the car went right across the road.
③The car turned on the wet road and slipped _______________the fence.
④Tom slipped_______________from the room when his mother was sleeping.
⑤Suffering from bad health, this boy had his marks at school _______________(slip).
答案：●6 (4)have slipped out of my bag (5)①down ②from
③into ④away ⑤slipping
短语储存
●1 keep up (使)不倒下,不下沉;保持,不减弱;跟上,赶上;保养,维修;使熬夜
keep up to… 保持与……一样
keep up with 跟上,不落后;与……并肩前进
keep up one‘s spirits 振作精神
keep up to date 使跟上时代
【活学活用】
(1)In fact, progress has allowed tradition to keep up.事实上,进步让传统得以延续。(保持不衰退)
(2)The surviving sailors managed to keep up for several hours and were eventually picked up by a lifeboat.那些幸存的船员设法在水面浮了几个小时,终于被救生艇救了起来。[(使)不倒下,不下沉]
(3)The historic mansion was presented by the owner to the city, and is now kept up by the local authorities.这座有历史意义的宅第是房主送给城市的,现在由地方当局保养维修。(保养,维修)
(4)I don‘t want to keep you up; you look very sleepy.我不想叫你熬夜,你看上去十分困倦。 (使熬夜)
(5)用keep相关短语的适当形式填空。
①The international situation changes so quickly that one can hardly _______________it.
②The meat prices this month_______________last month‘s level.
③_______________ is important, as security fixes which protect your computer from harm are delivered in this way.
答案：(5)①keep up with ②keep up to ③Keeping up to date
●2 team up with (to cooperate with) 相称;合伙,合作,协作
keep up with 跟上
catch up with 赶上
put up with 忍受;容忍
end up with 以……结束
【活学活用】
(1)Jack preferred to go into business alone rather than team up with anyone else.杰克情愿独自经商,也不愿与人合伙。
(2)The coat and skirt team up very well, although they weren‘t bought as a set.
这件外衣和这条裙子尽管不是作为套装买的,但配得挺好。
(3)用team up with, keep up with, put up with和end up with的适当形式填空。
①She always stays up late to study in order to _______________the others.
②It‘s too delightful of you to be so nice to him, and _______________all his tiresome stories.
③The party _______________a song that everyone was familiar with.
④I need to_______________your firm in a business project. Could you put me through to your boss?
答案：(3)①keep up with ②put up with ③ended up with ④team up with
●3 mark out 画线;标出……的界线;规划
be marked with… 标记着……;被标上……记号
【活学活用】
(1)When planting seedlings, I prefer to mark out the rows in advance.种幼苗的时候,我更喜欢事先标出行来。[画出(界线、范围)]
(2)Within a month of joining the firm,James has been marked out for early promotion.詹姆斯进入这家公司还不到一个月就已被选定尽早予以提升。(选出,选定)
(3)Yesterday was to be marked with a pleasant and memorable day during his college days.昨天将成为他大学时代中的一个愉快而难忘的日子。
(4)The site of the new hospital is likely to _______________next month.
新医院的院址有望在下个月规划。
(5)语法填空。
①_______________(mark) out your mistakes, and find out what causes you to make these mistakes.
②The special parking space _______________(mark) out with white lines is designed for emergency use.
③They set a trap for him by putting _______________(mark) money into the drawer.
④The old man treasured a package _______________(mark) with the names and the date.
答案：(4)be marked out (5)①Mark ②marked ③marked ④marked
●4 take in 包括;吸收;接纳;欺骗;缩小(尺寸)
take apart 拆开;剖析,抨击(论点等);轻易打败
take down 拿下,取下;拆卸;记下
take back 取回,带回;收回说过的话;使……回忆
take up 开始从事;占用(时间或空间);着手处理;继续(做);接着讲
take over 继承;接收,接管
take off 脱下(衣服等);起飞,腾飞
take on 承担,从事;呈现
【活学活用】
(1)To take in enough fresh air, Tim raised his head regularly.
为了吸入足够的新鲜空气,蒂姆时不时地抬起头。(吸入)
(2)It was not until several days later that I realized I was taken in by that vendor.
直到几天以后,我才发觉我被那个小贩骗了。(欺骗;使上当)
(3)He did not take in what he read because his mind was on something else. 因为他心不在焉,所以他没有理解自己看的东西。(领会;理解)
(4)The farmer took in the lost travellers for the night.
这位农民收留迷路的旅行者过夜。(接待; 收留)
(5)用take相关短语的适当形式填空。
①I‘m sorry I was rude; I _______________everything I said.
②We find it difficult to _______________what he teaches.
③I‘ll _______________the story where I finished yesterday.
④When the picture was_______________, the wall looked very bare.
⑤Would you like me to _______________the driving for a while?
⑥Bill Gates is really a great man, whose career_______________ in his early thirties.
答案：(5)①take back ②take in ③take up ④taken down ⑤take over ⑥took off
●5 a great/good many 许多,大量
【归纳总结】
表示"许多"的单词和短语:
修饰可数名词 修饰不可数名词 二者皆可
many much a lot of/lots of
a good/great many
(of) a great deal of a large
quantity of
many a(n) quantities of
a large/great
number of masses of
quite a few plenty of
【易错警示】
a good/great many后接复数名词,但a good/great many后接of时, of后的名词前必须加限定词these/those/the/one‘s等,然后再加复数名词。
【语境助记】
A great many people were present at the meeting,but many a man was late for the meeting because of the traffic jam. 有许多人出席了会议,但由于交通堵塞,许多人开会迟到了。
【活学活用】
(1)These pupils have read a good many books on popular science.这些小学生读了很多科普方面的书。
(2)A great many people think zoos should be closed, because it‘s too cruel to animals.很多人认为动物园应当关闭,因为这对于动物来说太残忍了。
(3)A good many students in our school have taken an active part in the movement against pollution.
我校有许多学生积极参加了反对污染的活动。
(4)语法填空。
①Our institute has ordered a great many _______________(instrument) from the company.
②A good many new books_______________(publish) by the Foreign Language Press last month.
③It is a pity that many a famous pop star _______________(ruin) by drugs.
④Large quantities of oil _______________(discover) in a place near my hometown recently.
答案：●5 (4)①instruments ②were published ③has been ruined
④have been discovered/were discovered
●1 However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. 然而,美洲土著人有可能在至少15, 000年前就在加利福尼亚州生活着。
句型公式
It is likely that………是可能的。
【句式点拨】
本句式中 it为形式主语,真正的主语为 that从句。此句型可转化为:sb be likely to do sth 某人可能做某事。
[温馨提示]
likely
①it is likely that从句
②sb is likely to do sth
但一般不用于"it is likely for sb to do sth"中
possible
①it is possible (for sb) to do sth
②it is possible that从句
但不用于"sb is possible to do sth"中
probable it is probable that从句
【活学活用】
(1)It‘s likely that he will not come to the party tonight. He is so busy.他有可能不来参加今晚的聚会,他太忙了。
(2)You are likely to fall down on your research project if you don‘t go to the experts for advice.如果你不去向专家们请教,你的研究项目很可能夭折。
(3)语法填空。
①The more stress you are under, the_______________(likely) you are to catch a cold.
②They are likely _______________(fire) by the company just because of their fault.
(4)一句多译。
①You _______________large wild animals while travelling in the mountain.
②_______________ large wild animals while travelling in the mountain.
当你在山里旅行时,你很可能会遇到大型的野生动物。
答案：(3)①more likely ②to be fired (4)①are very likely to come across
②It‘s very likely that you will come across
●2 By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850,it was already a multicultural society.到1850年加利福尼亚被选为美国第31个联邦州的时候,它已经是一个有着多元文化的社会了。
句型公式
by the time…到……时候(为止)
【句式点拨】
by the time意为"到……的时候",是一个介词短语,在句中起连接作用,引导时间状语从句。其用法如下:(1)如从句谓语是一般过去时,则主句用过去完成时;(2)如从句谓语是一般现在时或现在完成时,则主句用将来完成时;(3)如主句动作不强调已经完成,只是说明某个时候的状况,此时主句不用完成时,而应根据实际需要选用适当的时态,此时by the time相当于when。
【活学活用】
(1)For something,we can‘t understand when we are young but by the time we understand,we are no longer young.有些事情,我们年轻的时候无法懂得,但当我们懂得的时候已不再年轻。
(2)By the time he was fourteen years old, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself.到14岁时,爱因斯坦就已经自学完了高等数学。
(3)By the time you arrive in London, we will have been staying in Europe for two weeks.等你到达伦敦的时候,我们将已经在欧洲待了两星期了。
(4)语法填空。
①By the time they arrived,the famous astronaut _______________(leave) the hall.
②By the time she gets home,her mother_______________(leave) for London to attend a meeting.
③When I talked with my grandma on the phone,she sounded weak,but by the time we _______________(hang) up,her voice had been full of life.
答案： (4)①had left ②will have left ③hung