动名词属于非谓语动词的一种,它的基本结构和用法在初中阶段也是必考点。
1. 动名词概说
动名词既具有动词的性质,又具有名词的性质,因此叫动名词。(归根结底动名词的词性是名词。)
① 动名词的动词性质表现在,它可以组成动名词短语,如:
My job is arranging the agenda for my boss.
我的工作是为老板安排日程。
I finished the project in a month by working overtime.
我靠加班在一个月内做完了这个项目。
② 动名词的名词性质表现在,它可以在句中用作主语、宾语等,如:
Studying abroad can be a good experience.
留学是一种很好的经历。(作主语)
I regret telling her the truth.
我后悔告诉她事实真相了。(作宾语)
2. 动名词的形式和特征
① 动名词的主动形式:doing
② 动名词的被动形式:being done
⑤ 动名词的复合结构:形容词性物主代词/名词所有格/名词/宾格人称代词 动名词
在动名词复合结构中,物主代词或名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语,这种复合结构多用作主语或宾语,也可用作表语或介词宾语。当动名词短语作宾语,放在动词或介词后时,名词所有格或物主代词分别可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格代替,如:
She suggested us forgiving him.
她建议我们原谅他。(作宾语)
His not knowing English brought him a lot of inconvenience.
他不懂英语,这给他带来许多麻烦。(作主语)
Our only worry is George’s overestimating himself.
我们唯一担心的就是乔治高估了他自己。(作表语)
I strongly object to your delivering the speech.
我强烈反对你发表讲话。(作介词宾语)
3. 动名词的用法
① 动名词作主语
Retelling stories is very useful.
复述故事是很有用的。
Her resigning surprises us.
她的辞职让我们很惊讶。
在一些句子中,常用 it 作形式主语,将动名词放在句子后面。此类句型有:
1) It is no use/no good/no fun/a great pleasure/a waste of time等名词 doing sth.
It is no good crying.
哭没有好处。
It is no use fixing.
修也没有用。
It is great fun traveling.
旅行很有趣。
It is a waste of time playing computer games.
玩电脑游戏是浪费时间。
2) It is useless doing sth.
It is useless crying.
哭没有用。
② 动名词作表语
Seeing is believing.
百闻不如一见。
My idea is making a plan first.
我的想法是先做一个计划出来。
③ 动名词作宾语
动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如:
I haven‘t finished reading today‘s newspaper.
我还没读完今天的报纸。(动名词reading作动词finish的宾语)
I‘m afraid of going to the dentist.
我害怕去看牙医。(动名词going作介词of的宾语)
④动名词作定语
I would like to choose a house with a swimming pool.
我想选个带游泳池的房子。
4. 动名词与不定式的比较
① 动名词可以作介词的宾语,还可被名词所有格(或物主代词)修饰;不定式通常不作介词宾语,更不能被名词所有格(或物主代词)修饰。
She is afraid of going to the dentist.(√)
She is afraid of to go to the dentist.(×)
她害怕去看牙医。
② 固定用法
1)某些动词后只能加动名词,常见的此类动词有:admit,avoid,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,finish,include,keep,miss,stop,suggest,give up 等,如:
I enjoy dancing.(√)
l enjoy to dance.(×)
我喜欢跳舞。
2)某些动词后只能加不定式,常见的此类动词有:agree,ask,claim,choose,decide,demand,determine,expect,fail,hope,manage,offer,promise,quit,refuse,resolve,wish 等,如:
l decide to quit smoking.(√)
l decide quitting smoking.(X)
我决定戒烟。
3)某些动词后面既可加动名词也可加不定式,常她的此类动词有:attempt,begin,continue,deserve,fear,forget,help,intend,learn,like,love,mean,need,prefer,regret,remember,start,try等,如:
She cannot help crying.她不禁哭了起来。
She cannot help to cook.她不能帮忙做饭。